Which type of map algebra operator includes Local/Arithmetic and Focal/Neighborhood?

The correct option is D because map algebra operators are categorized based on how they analyze and process geographic data. Local/arithmetic operators perform calculations on individual cells within a raster dataset, allowing for operations like addition or subtraction to be applied to corresponding cell values across layers.

Focal/neighborhood operators, on the other hand, analyze values of cells based on their surrounding neighbors, applying functions to clusters of cells to determine values at a specific cell based on the characteristics of nearby cells. This combination of Local and Focal operators is essential in raster analysis as it allows for both simple arithmetic as well as more complex neighborhood statistics.

The other categories mentioned do not encompass both Local and Neighborhood operators. Relational/Logical operators focus on evaluation of conditions and return true/false values based on queries. Zonal/General operators involve working with regions or zones within a raster but don't directly include Local and Neighborhood functionalities. Spatial/Temporal operators deal with spatial changes over time, which also does not align with the definitions of Local and Focal operators. Therefore, the D option accurately captures the essence of the types of map algebra operators in question.